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ZRA realises K6.4 trillion from taxes

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THE Zambia Revenue Authority (ZRA) realised K6.4 trillion from various taxes with Pay-As-You Earn (PAYE) contributing K1.9 trillion.

The taxes that contributed to the ZRA revenue were that of Income Tax, Value-Added-Tax (VAT), Customs and Excise as well as Mineral Royalty Tax.

According to the estimates of revenue and expenditure for 2007, contributions from Income tax amounted to K2.9 trillion, of which K1.9 trillion was from PAYE.

ZRA raised over K1.7 trillion from VAT with import tax accounting for K1.2 trillion and K558.2 billion from domestic VAT.

The Yellow Book indicates that there was a reduction in the revenue collection from the estimated K2.05 trillion to K1.7 trillion.

Similarly, there was a reduction in the revenue collection of Customs and Excise duty from the estimated K1.5 trillion to K1.3 trillion.

However, revenue collection through mineral royalty tax were at K58.7 billion compared to the estimated K44.1 billion.

Income tax, other than mineral tax comprise, company tax PAYE, back duty, Individual tax, property transfer tax and various taxes under withholding
tax.

Government has proposed a budget of K12.04 trillion for 2007 of which K8.6 trillion will be domestically sourced while K3.3 trillion will be from external sources.

Other revenue sourced domestically, include fees, levies and other charges.

Daily-Mail

Kalungu-Banda not Levy’s advisor’

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GOVERNMENT has said Mr Martin Kalungu-Banda is not an advisor to President Mwanawasa and therefore his comments on the vulture fund court case in London did not represent the views of the state.

Chief Government spokesperson, Vernon Mwaanga, said in a statement in Lusaka yesterday that on February 16, Zambia’s High Commissioner to the United Kingdom, Anderson Chibwa, was authorised to write to the editor-in-chief of Newsnight programme of the BBC Television Centre, to correct the misleading report.

The High Commissioner was told to react to a statement, which quoted Mr Kalungu-Banda as an advisor to the Zambian President.

“I am now releasing Mr Chibwa’s letter to BBC for publication,” Mr Mwaanga said.

In the letter to the BBC, Mr Chibwa said Mr Kalungu-Banda was not President Mwanawasa’s advisor.

He said the report on the vulture fund threat to Third World countries on February 14, and Zambia’s loss of the vulture fund case sent on February 15, was factually incorrect in reference to Mr Kalungu-Banda as advisor to President Mwanawasa.

“Referring to recent statements in the news article, the BBC Newsnight has presented Mr Martin Kalungu-Banda as presidential advisor to the Zambian President, His Excellency Mr Levy P. Mwanawasa, SC.,” Mr Chibwa said.

“The High Commission of the Republic of Zambia in London wishes to correct the impression portraying Mr Martin Kalungu-Banda as an advisor to the President.”

Mr Chibwa said Mr Kalungu-Banda had no authority to pass comment on behalf of the Zambian government in this case.

 Daily- Mail.

Zambian Football Pro’s Hit List & Weekend Scores

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DENMARK-

Striker Chris Katongo made his full debut on Sunday for the Denmark 2005-2006 league winners Brondby  in a 3-1 home defeat at the hands of the current Danish Super League defending champions FC Copenhagen.

Katongo did not score.

FRANCE-

Striker Jacob Mulenga turned played the full 90 minutes for his Ligue 2 club Chateauroux on Sunday in the 6th placed sides 1-1 draw at home to 4th positioned Strasbourg.
Mulenga was not on target.

GERMANY-

-ALEMANNIA AACHEN: Defender Moses Sichone did not play 13th placed Aachen in their important 1-0 home win over struggling Bundesliga defending champions and 4th positioned Bayern Munich on Saturday.

-SC PADERBORN: Midfielder Andrew Sinkala played the full 90 minutes on Sunday for his 2.Bundesliga club in a 1-0 home defeat at the hands of Carl Zeiss Jena.

Paderborn and Jena are 12th and 15th on the 2.Bundesliga table respectively after Sundays game.

PORTUGAL-

Striker Collins Mbseuma played the full 90 minutes of Sunday in 7th placed Maritimo’s 1-1 away draw at bottom of the table Alves.

The Zambia striker did not score.

SOUTH AFRICA.

-LAMOTVILLE GOLDEN ARROWS: Defender Billy Mwanza played the full 90 minutes for 12 positioned Golden Arrows  on Saturday in his clubs 2-1 home loss against 8th placed Bloemfontein Celtic.

Ex-Zambia internationals Davies Phiri was in goal while defender Kampamba Chintu was substituted in the 75th minute.


WEEKEND SCORECARD.

AFRISPORTS THREE RETURN HOME.

Afrisports’ international trio Ignatius Lwipa, Christopher Musonda and Charles Siyingwa have returned to Zambia after a two-week trial spell at separate Hungarian clubs.

Zambia international striker Lwipa, who is current on loan to defending league champions Zanaco, was at Hungarian top league side Vasas.

His club mates striker Musonda and  defender Siyingwa, who are both Zambia Under 23 players, were guests of Hungarian second division club Lombard.

The three returned home last week after Afrisports failed to agree terms with the respective clubs for the players services.

ZAMBIA GO INTO CAMP.

The Zambia national team went to camp today to start preparations for their March 23 Africa Cup qualifying match away to Congo-Brazzaville.

The team is gathering at Power Dynamos in Kitwe to begin the initial phase of its training that will see coach Patrick Phiri working with a squad of home-based players until the week leading to the match day.

Zambia will train from Arthur Davies during its stay in Kitwe.

The two-time Africa Cup runners-up are currently 3rd in Group 11 on 3 points from two games.

Group 11 leaders Congo and 2nd placed South Africa are on 4 points each while Chad are 4th and bottom with no points.

2007 FAZ CHARITY SHIELD SEMIFINALS.

Woodlands stadium, Lusaka.

Zanaco 0- Kabwe Warriors 1(Maonga Kabuku 23″).

Arthur Davies, Kitwe.

Zesco 2(Rainford Kalaba 6″, Dan Mutale 50″)-GBFC 1(Sebastian Mwansa 13″).

FINAL, 25/02/07.
Venue TBA

2007 TOP SCORERS (17/02/07).

Fwayo Tembo (National Assembly):3.

Simon Luipya (Red Arrows):2.

Maonga Kabuku (Kabwe Warriors): 1.
Rainford Kalaba (Zesco United) 1.
Dan Mutale (Zesco United): 1.
Sebastian Mwansa (Green Buffaloes): 1.
Winstone Kalengo(Zanaco) 1.
Musatwe Simutowe (Zamtel FC): 1
Robert Gondwe (Green Buffaloes): 1.
Felix Nsunzu Jr (Konkola Blades):1

Damaged Maamba-Batooka road require K 88 billion

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The Road Development Agency (RDA) has disclosed that K88 billion is required to rehabilitate the Maamba-Batooka which is in a deplorable state.

RDA Head of Public Relations Loyce Saili told ZANIS in a telephone interview that the entire road would not be rehabilitated because there was no allocation for it road in this year’s budget.

“As RDA we have limited funds and there is no allocation for Maamba-Batooka road in the budget for this year,” Ms Saili said.

She said the agency would only repair the mostly damaged parts of the road using the three billion Kwacha that has been set for emergency in this year’s budget.

“We hope that we will be able to do some work on the Maamba-Batooka from the three billion meant for emergencies,” Ms Saili noted.

Last week Sinazongwe District Commissioner (DC) warned motorists coming to the district for the first time to travel during the day because the road is in a deplorable state.

Mr. Apuleni said the Maamba-Batooka road has no signs and heavy rains have washed away part of the road and advised all motorists to drive slowly and those coming for first time at night should sleep in Batooka or Choma.

Atruck carrying mealie meal to Maamba collapsed in a culvert that was washed away by heavy rains last week.
.
Road and paving contractor did the rehabilitation work on the Maamba-Batooka road last year said the RDA Head of Public Relations.

The DC pointed out that the contractor did a shoddy job on the Maamba-Batooka road as a result of culverts that are collapsing

Mr. Apuleni said that he has been vindicated because he told them last year that the work they did was poor.
 

By Tovin Ngombe

ZAMTEL to connect Sinazongwe in phase 3

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Zambia Telecommunication (ZAMTEL) has disclosed that Sinazongwe district telephone lines will be digitalised in the third phase.  ZAMTEL Area Manager for Choma  Ivine Sichizya said their engineers were working on improving the old system of telephone lines which is  analogy.

Mr. Sichizya reaffirmed that the telephone lines in Sinazongwe has been experiencing breakdowns because it was not compatible with the digital telephone lines in Choma.

At t the moment ZAMTEL has completed the phase two programme of digitalising the telephone lines and would then enter into phase three which Mr Sichizya said Sinazongwe will be included.

“At the moment our engineers are on the ground to try and improve the analogy telephone lines and to find a better way of linking Sinazongwe to our Mwembeshi Satellite and improving it using the same old existing analogy system.”

The manager said the internet connection that the Sinazongwe residents have been calling for would still be too slow since the system will be analogy.

“I think at the moment we have to wait until the installations are done that is when we can determine anything,” Mr Sichizya.

Asked on when the phase three would commence since Sinazongwe and Namwala are the only districts remaining to be digitalised in Southern Province Mr. Sichizya failed to give a definite period and only disclosed that plans are under way.
ZAMTEL in Sinazongwe is still using analogy system which is an outdated mode of communication in this modern era as it is susceptible to break down and is not conducive for hooking to the internet.

The ZAMTEL workers in Sinazongwe spend most of their time on repairing faults than opening up new lines as most people would prefer using the cell phone than connecting to the land phone.

Heavy rains damage more farms

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Heavy rains have swept away maize fields for about 67 more Farmers in Sinazongwe District.
Sinazongwe Ward Councilor Obey Siakalitini disclosed that the affected people are from Maiya village and Zubadenda in Chief Sinazongwe area.

The councilor explained that the villagers planted their crops at the banks of the streams where the soils were fertile because they failed obtain fertilizer through cooperatives.

Mr. Siakalitini has appealed to the Disaster Management Unit under the Vice President’s office to come and assess the situation to determine the extent of damage to the farmers produce.

Headman Siampwili of Zubadenda said his people would completely run out of food and has appealed to government to assist them in any way possible.
“We are appealing to government to come to the area we are talking about so that they can come to inspect it, we will have are seriously starvation here,” the headman said.
Last week Chief Sinazongwe disclosed that there will be hunger in the district because his people that planted their crops along the banks of the streams have been washed away by heavy rains.
The Chief said fertilizer has also not worked because it was swept away immediately people applied it.
He said that 10 bridges have been washed away along Sinzaze-Chiyabi roads which also connect Malima people.
“People can not move to Chiyabi and Malima area and about 10 bridges have been swept,” the Chief said.
Sinazongwe is a drought prone area and when it rains in most cases it leaves heavy destruction to people’s fields, so far it has not rained for the past two weeks and crops have already started withering.

By Tovin Ngombe

Areeba Dragged again to court in Ghana, This time over Qos

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A class action has been taken against Scacom Ghana Limited, operators  of Ghana’s biggest mobile phone network, Areeba, for violating relevant  provisions of the National Communications Authority (NCA) Act and  bregulations for high quality of service.

The action comes in the wake of two legal suits initiated by two
shareholders over their interests in the company following its merger
with South African MTN. Also joined to the latest law suit is the NCA,
for failing or neglecting to carry out its regulatory high quality
telephone services for its customers.

The action was filled by the Centre for Public Law, a non-profit public
interest and human rights organisation, and its Executive Director, Dr
Dominic Ayine, on February 13, 2007 on behalf of similarly affected
customers. The plaintiffs have accused Areeba of breach of contract and
are seeking general and punitive damages against it, as well as an
order
for restitution of all money found to have been unjustly collected and
received by the company as of consequence of its acts and omissions.

According to them, the deliberate refusal of Areeba to open its system
up for easy inter-connectivity with other networks in Ghana amounts to
unfair competition contrary to the NCA Act and the Protection Against
Unfair Competition Act.

They are also seeking an order of perpetual injunction to restrain
Scancom Ltd, its agents or assignees from engaging in the conduct that
was the subject matter of the suit. Similarly the plaintiffs are
seeking
an order of mandatory injunction to compel the NCA to enforce Scancom’s
obligation under its licence to expand its network capacity and
coverage
and improve its service quality as well as its inter-connectivity
agreements with other cellular networks.

In their statement of claim, the plaintiffs stated that Scancom Ltd was
registered and licensed by the NCA to provide mobile phone services,
saying figures in the public domain indicated that Areeba was the
market
leader in the provision of mobile or cellular phone services with more
than 2.5 million subscribers quoted on the website of the NCA.

The NCA, they said was the statutory agency responsible for the
regulation of providers of communication services, including, but not
limited to, the operations of the companies, entreprises and
individuals
which provided fixed and mobile telecommunication services. The NCA’s
mandate is derived from the NCA Act, 1996 (Act524) which established
the
authority.

According to the plaintiffs, their action was on behalf of similarly
situated persons and all of those who resided in Ghana and obtained
telecommunication services from Areeba and who had been adversely
affected and suffered material injury or financial loss and
infringement
of their rights as a result of the said acts and omissions. They said
Areeba’s services were of two plans to individuals and business
customers, namely, the “Pay As You Talk” (prepaid) service plan, which
was used with GSM 900 compatible cellular phones and the “Pay Monthly”
(postpaid) service plan, both of which were offered directly to
customers or through designated agents.

The plaintiffs stated that at all material times Scancom Ltd had failed
or neglected to provide good quality cellular services for them in that
they had almost always encountered network congestion, frequent call
dropping, unusual background noise preventing clarity in telephone
conversation, inter-connectivity problems with other networks, among
other problems.

They stated that they were daily confronted with and frustrated by
Areeba’s network congestion problems, such that they had to dial
approximately between five and 10 times before achieving connectivity
and very often every failed dial attempt was met with the automated
response, “The Areeba number you have dialled cannot be reached at this
moment. The mobile equipment is either switched off or out of coverage
area.” According to them, that automated response was materially false
and misleading, since Areeba prided itself as having nation-wide
coverage, and also portrayed the customers as being responsible for
failed attempts to put through calls (for example switching off their
mobile phones), instead of placing the responsibility on Areeba.

They maintained that the representation that the mobile equipment was
either switched off or out of coverage area was not only false but also
wilful since Areeba know or ought to know that it was false at the
material time it was made. As a consequence of the material facts
stated, the plaintiffs said Areeba’s prepaid customers in particular
lost their telephone credit for units on their expiry date, thereby
unjustly enriching Areeba since more units had to be bought after that.

According to the plaintiffs, they had suffered and continued to suffer
financial loss as a consequence of the frequent call dropping resulting
from network congestion. “This is due to the fact that when calls drop
in the middle of a conversation , the plaintiffs have to call again,
and
in doing so they have to pay higher call rates per minute than would
have been the case without the call dropping” they said. The plaintiffs
said Areeba had deliberately and purposefully engaged in acts, methods,
and practices which had frequently frustrated them in putting through
calls to other cellular networks or being called by users of the
services of those networks.
(SOURCE: Daily Graphic)

Civil servants challenged to rid themselves of corrupt elements

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Government has challenged public service workers to rid themselves of corrupt elements in their midst by reporting those involved in corrupt practices to law enforcement agencies.

Tourism, Environment and Natural Resources Minister Kabinga Pande says the onus is on civil servants to ensure that the Public Service is corruption free.

Mr. Pande was speaking when he addressed government workers at the council chambers
in Kasempa today. He said corruption is a cancer that derails national development because public resources are diverted to individual pockets.

Mr. Pande, who is also Kasempa Member of Parliament, urged the workers to come on
board the crusade against corruption by ensuring that public resources are prudently
and properly utilized.

Mr. Pande’s sentiments come in the awake of the revelation by President Mwanwasa
that K36 billion has been misappropriated by some civil servants.

Meanwhile, Mr. Pande has announced that a facility that would afford teachers to
access mortgage loans from the National Savings and Credit Bank has been introduced
in all provinces of the country.

He also urged teachers to take advantage of the facility and access the loans
in a bid to answer the accommodation problems faced by the some teachers.

Mr. Pande was in Kasempa on a two-day on the spot check of the impact of floods
experienced in the area.

The heavy rains experienced in the area have threatened human lives and destroyed
both public and private property.

Over 2000 residents have been cut off from health centres and schools
following the submerging of bridges and the destruction of the road infrastructure
in the district.

Livingstone to soon have an international youth camp

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The Young Men Christian Association (YMCA) Livingstone branch in conjunction with the C-PROJECT from the United States of America (USA) will soon start building an international youth camp in Chief Mukuni’s area.

This was revealed by YMCA National Executive Director Annie Ngwira during a meeting with YMCA members in Livingstone yesterday.

She said the long awaited project which will see Livingstone establish one of the biggest youth training centres and a resort which will accommodate international YMCA members of the general public was finally coming to fruition.

Ms Ngwira paid tribute to Chief Mukuni for being development forecast and oriented by offering 100 hectares of land to YMCA.

The youth camp is named after the first and late wife to chief Mukuni Mary Muhango
Mukuni.

She advised Livingstone YMCA members to continue on recruitment drive by targeting new members.

She also said the YMCA has a responsibility to help eradicate child defilement which is on the increase and control streetism through advocacy adding that the association should come up with programmes towards the same.

The YMCA executive director disclosed that the vision for the youth camp was of a center that will provide training in modern handicraft,  tourism training and many other courses relevant to the economics of Livingstone and the region.

She said there was so much good will for YMCA Zambia by donors and that members should create an environment that was conducive for youth development through
programmes and projects .

Venturing into politics must be backed by the desire for public service

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Vice President Rupiah Banda says he joined politics in a bid to contribute to the national building.

Mr. Banda says those that venture into politics must do so with a desire and passion
for public service.

He was speaking when he officiated at the Bible Gospel Church in Africa (BIGOCA)
Matero congregation in Lusaka today.

Mr. Banda has urged the Zambian people to rally behind President Levy Mwanwasa
and his administration as they endeavor to propel national development.

The Vice president also said national unity is central to national development hence
the need to guard the peace enjoyed by the country.

Mr. Banda, who is former Munali Member of Parliament (MP) further challenged
parliamentarians to strive to develop their constituencies.

Meanwhile, the Vice President has advised the church to concentrate on preaching the
gospel and desist from unnecessarily criticizing government.

He said is incorrect to use the church platform to advance messages which are harmful to the nation.

Mr. Banda said the church should seek to provide answers to challenges faced by the
country and its people.

He said the country faces many challenges such as poverty, unemployment and HIV/AIDS which require the efforts of all stakeholders, the church included.

And speaking earlier, Matero BIGOCA in-charge Bishop Peter Ndhlovu said the church
stands ready to work with the government of the day.

Bishop Ndhlovu urged his fellow clergymen to remain focused to the Gospel and not to
be derailed by politicians.

Politicians warned against politicising the Constituency Youth Development Fund

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An MMD councillor in Mazabuka has warned against politicising the Constituency Youth Development Fund.

Munenga ward councillor Fred Malambo said in a statement to ZANIS in Mazabuka today
that politicising the fund would retard development in constituencies.

Mr Malambo said the political stance taken by all the three United Party for National Development (UPND) Members of Parliament over the composition of committees
is disappointing.

He observed that there is need for the MPs to realise that time for politics is over adding that selecting committee members on political lines defeats government essence of  providing funds for youth empowerment.

Mr Malambo was supported by UPND Kasengo ward councillor Alfred Kawale who advised councillors and MPs to desist from politicising the funds.

Mr Kawale said politicising the funds and ignoring government guidelines would only dent the good image of the opposition party in the area.

He urged policy makers to exercise levelheadedness in finding a solution to the impasse that has rocked the district over the disbursement of K 120 Million constituency development fund.

Four days ago, a meeting chaired by acting district commissioner, Wilson Siadunka,
dissolved all the committees and called for fresh elections.

Over 2000 people in Kasempa district cut off from health centres due to floods

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Over 2000 people in Kasempa District in North-western province have been cut off from health centres and schools.

This is as a result of the submerging of  Mukunashi bridge on the Mukunashi River due to heavy rains experienced in the district.

This can to light when Tourism, Environment and Natural Resources Minister Kabinga
Pande toured the district to assess the extent of damage caused by the floods in the
area.

Mr. Pande, who is also area Member of Parliament, however assured the affected families that government would act swiftly to render relief assistance to the flood
victims.

He said government would also move in to repair and upgrade the Mukunashi bridge to
avert loss of lives.

Mr. Pande said he would present an assessment report of the damage caused by floods
in the area to facilitate the flow of relief assistance.

He has since advised the villagers in the area to maintain high standards of cleanliness because floods bring about the likelihood of epidemics.

The floods that have threatened human life and destroyed property in other parts of
the country have not spared Kasempa District.

Ndola based rally Shiel leads in Toyota 2007 motor sports championship

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Ndola based rally ace, Gary Shiel, outwitted his Lusaka based counterpart Tim Mevey to win the opening of the Toyota Zambia sponsored
4×4 rally championship.

Shiel with his co-driver Peter Deveillers overcame the rough and muddy rally  course
at Lusaka Motor Sports Club in the showgrounds to emerge the winner in his Toyota
Landcuise scoring 84 points. He won a gold trophy for his efforts.

He snatched a point from Tim Mevey and his co – driver Peter Twining who scored 83
points.

Denziel Robertson with his co- driver Tania Williams was third in a Toyota Prado
with 79 points.

He was followed neck to neck by Jaco Secholt who manged to pick up 79 points.

The only woman rally driver Jean Andersion co-driven by her husband Fred ended the
rally fourth with 78 points in a Mahindra jeep.

Josph Mulenga co driven by Anthony Njapau was sixth with 77points in a Isuzu.

Meanwhile Toyota Zambia Managing Director Dencil Robertson said the rally was aimed
at showing the agility and flexibility of 4×4 vehicles on rough and muddy roads in
Zambia.

Robertson told ZANIS in an interview that it was his company’s hope that the general
motoring public would also take pride and become more knowledgeable about 4×4
vehicles.

Robertson,  who also participated in the rally indicated that his campany was happy
to to be associated with the 4×4 motorally.

The rally had a green and red lane for family and seasoned participants respectively.

The next round of the rall  takes place in Ndola and  Kitwe on the Copperbelt early
next month

MARRIAGE

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wedding.jpgCan two walk together unless they are agreed?. The rate of divorce in Zambia is going up. Divorce rates are also high in the church. People who should be setting the moral examples are now seen to be falling short.

This world is governed by laws. Just as everyone succumbs to the law of gravity whether rich or poor, politician or cadre, preacher or atheist, so there are laws that govern a successful marriage. One such law is every couple should have a clear vision of what they want their marriage to be. The word vision means ” mental sight – the ability to see a goal or destination. If you do not have a clear vision of where you are going, how will you know when you have arrived? How will you know when you are on the wrong path?

When you have a vision of success before you, you will naturally behave in such a way that causes success to happen. Every couple goes through difficult times but a vision encourages you in those difficult times. Lets honor our marriages for good marriages breed good families which in turn breed good, strong societies.

Circumcision ‘reduces HIV risk’

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Circumcision can reduce the rate of HIV infections among heterosexual men by around 60%, a study suggests. The South African study, reported in Public Library of Science Medicine, found it had a protective effect for some of the 3,280 young men involved.

Circumcision is thought to help protect against HIV because cells under the foreskin are vulnerable to the virus.

UK experts warned some circumcised men in the study still became infected and condoms offered the best protection.

HIV infection rates are lower among groups in Africa who practise circumcision, but it was not known if this was due to cultural differences.

  There is a danger that people who have been circumcised will feel that they are fully protected from HIV when they are not
Deborah Jack, National Aids Trust

When the foreskin is removed, the skin on the head of the penis becomes less sensitive and so less likely to bleed, thereby reducing the risk of infection.

Studies in Uganda and in Kenya are also investigating the link.

Trial stopped

The South African trial, conducted by a team of French and South African researchers and sponsored by ANRS (the French National Agency of Research on Aids), took place in the Orange Farm area near Johannesburg, where male circumcision in adulthood is a common but not universal practice.

Just under 3,280 young, sexually active, uncircumcised, heterosexual men who took part in the study were offered the chance to be circumcised and then monitored for HIV infection.

Just under half chose to be circumcised.

The researchers planned to test all participants for HIV at three, 12 and 21 months, to see whether there was a difference in the rate of new infections between the two groups.

However, after 18 months, the number of new HIV infections in the control group was 49, compared with 20 in the treatment group.

The researchers decided at this point it would be unethical to continue the study.

It was stopped and the uncircumcised men were offered circumcision.

UNAids has said the trial found promising results, but more work needs to be done to confirm its findings and “whether or not the results have more general application.”

‘Not a condom substitute’

Keith Alcorn, of the National Aids Manual, said: “Although this study showed that men who were circumcised were less likely to become infected with HIV, it must be stressed that circumcised men did become infected in this study, and that circumcision does not provide total protection against HIV.

“I don’t think that any country will be moving towards promotion of circumcision for HIV prevention on these results alone.

“Two further studies in Kenya and Uganda have yet to be completed, and will give us more information.”

Deborah Jack, chief executive of the National Aids Trust, added: “There is a danger that people who have been circumcised will feel that they are fully protected from HIV when they are not.

“We need more research and clear guidance, as circumcision can never be a substitute for condom use.”

BBC